The Historical Importance and Latest Findings of the Great Wall of China

( Use related studies, other published or online stuff to analyse the selected site ) Introduction ( 250 ) The Great Wall was reckoned as the universe ‘s largest human-made construction made up of rock, bricks and earthen plants whose building started every bit early as the seventh century BC. Originally, it was used in many intents but the most important was to move as a boundary line control that comprised of ticker towers, fort station and troop quarters etc. It has received acknowledgment by doing the World Heritage List in 1987 of its cultural values in Chinese history. In recent decennary, archaeologists put attempts in look intoing the existent length of the Wall by using field walking, remote feeling and stratigraphy to look for archeological potency in nearby countries. It has contributed to a drastic alteration for the universe to acknowledge an even larger building undertaking in China. Over the old ages, it has been pulling tourers from all around the Earth to witness this olympian munition. In malice of their eternal captivation towards the most reckonable antediluvian wall, many were inconsiderate in littering that sparked arguments in its saving work. Furthermore, the Great Wall is praised by its profound value in Chinese history, act as a strong symbol and historical grounds for people to determine past events. In the followers, it will discourse its historical importance, recent unearthed findings, saving work and cultural v alues to analyse its relationship of yesteryear and nowadays. Standards of WHL [ Danny ] Harmonizing to the World Heritage Convention, there are 10 standards for the universe heritage choice. Six of them are civilization standards and four of them are natural standards. The commission will measure the heritage site based on this 10 standards. If the heritage sites list on the WHL, â€Å"sites must be of outstanding cosmopolitan value and meet at least one out of 10 standards ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . The Great Wall is the civilization site that list on the WHL and it meets five out of six civilization standards of choice. In add-on, the Great Wall meets standards ( I ) , ( two ) , ( three ) , ( four ) and ( six ) . So, the Great Wall is a heritage site that contains outstanding cosmopolitan value. Therefore, the Great Wall has been listed on the WHL at 1987. The standard ( I ) is â€Å"to represent a chef-d'oeuvre of human originative mastermind ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . The Great Wall is a chef-d'oeuvre because it is the lone human custodies built building on the Earth that human can see it from the infinite ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The length of it is larger than 20,000 kilometres and all built by human custodies. So, it shows the human originative mastermind in edifice this immense graduated table building. For the standard ( two ) , the heritage site shows the important interchange in the human values. The human values of Chinese spread to the northern frontier in the period of Chunqiu. The Great Wall reinforces the Sinicism by the transportation of population ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . Some of the Chinese and alien from north lived near the Great Wall and the civilization intergradation shows the interchange in the human values. For the standard ( three ) , the heritage site provides particular or of import groundss to the civilisation. The Great Wall provides particular or of import groundss to â€Å"the rammed-earth subdivisions of munitions dating from the Western Han ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . Some subdivisions of the Great Wall are made of the rammed-earth which is the old constructional stuff. For the standard ( four ) , the heritage site is an outstanding theoretical account for edifices, architectural manner or trade. Since the Great Wall is the longest and oldest military building in the World, it is an outstanding theoretical account for military building. In 220 B.C. , Qin Shi Huang built the first military construction-the Great Wall of the Qin dynasty to protect the state ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . In the ulterior dynasties, they besides built this sort of military building to forestall the incursion from the North. Therefore, The Great Wall is an outstanding theoretical account for munitions and it served as military intent for 2,000 old ages. For the standard ( six ) , the heritage site is associated with the literary work of outstanding world-wide significance. â€Å"The Great Wall has an uncomparable symbolic significance in the history of China ( UNSECO, n.d. ) † . We can happen the Great Wall this symbolic significance in many Chinese literary plants in Tang dynasty such as the verse form of Tu Fu ( 712-770 ) ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . As a cultural heritage site, the Great Wall does non run into the standards ( V ) . Harmonizing to the demand, the heritage site on the WHL merely need to run into at least one standard. The other five standards have cogent evidence that the Great Wall is qualified and worthy to name on the WHL. Excavation [ Kelly’s ] Even though the Great Wall still remains in China, archeologists have found assorted agencies to analyze sites around the Great Wall in command to seek its cultural significance. In fact, the most outstanding survey was the usage of Google Earth and C dating that helped in detecting a lost section of the Wall back in 2011 in Southern Mongolia ( Owen, 2012 ) . Initially, the archeologists were look intoing typographic hints seen in Google Earth through orbiter exposure. Via remote feeling, they were able to confer with ancient historical texts to analyse these satellite imagination. Interestingly, they merely discovered a staying piece of fossil alternatively of skull and big femur. With this grounds in head, archeologists thought that the Wall must be in a much extended length. Similarly, carbon 14 dating had shown partially exposed wood and rope remains ; the building was so assumed to be went on for over 100s of old ages or even more than a thousand old ages subsequently, about from 1040 to 1160. As a consequence, they widely supposed that Western Xia dynasty constructed the Wall on the site ( Owen, 2012 ) . Excavation is hence really indispensable in set uping an approximative day of the month of the yesteryear for archeological sites. Up until now in 2015, archeologists have been analyzing archive exposures, historical paperss and field walking to detect more and more parts of the Great Wall that have non been publically seeable. One squad of experts in Northwestern China discovered a new subdivision of wall which is comprised of rammed Earth whereas some parts were even built on top of mountain scopes and spread along vales ; it was found chiefly between Jingyuan Country and Nanchangtan small town. In historical paperss, they came to a consensus that Emperor Qin demanded the Great Wall had to run across Gansu state, Ningxia and Mongolia. However, some ruins were found shorter than usual that the archeologists believed it was because of natural debasement. In this instance, the Great Wall can be seen as different constructions built through both Northern and Southern Mongolia from start to complete, and existed over a twosome of dynasties ( Chow and Chan, 2015 ) . All in all, from the above dating methods and analytical survey of the Great Wall, many published stuffs have told the universe how the Great Wall is really more extended ; it surely was a ground-breaking intelligence for archeologists and tourers every bit good. In peculiar, Google Earth was deeply applied in the survey as it proved its scientific values in making archeological research. Under these fortunes, archeology can be seen as a stepping rock for the Chinese to hold deeper apprehensions of Chinese history and even the cultural transmutation in their ain topographic point. From larning about the past emperors, the Chinese can besides heighten their sense of belonging with ascendants and portion amongst coevalss. Preservation Presently, sing the saving of the Great Wall, several steps are undergoing. Patrol Teams Harmonizing to an article found on China daily, an official patrolling squad is being organized to look into against the harm of the gigantic construction. This policing squad will concentrate on the subdivision in Beijing, which is 630km long, including the most popular subdivision of the Great Wall, Badaling. ( http: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htm, 2006 ) As mentioned by Yu Ping, deputy manager of the Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage, members of this squad will normally be rural occupants who live near the Wall, and will be paid by local authoritiess. Apart from the patrol squad, a buffer zone would besides be drawn to assist protect the Great Wall, as announced by the Chinese disposal. This buffer zone will take up to three old ages to be finished. At nowadays, merely a general criterion runing from 500 meters to 2 kilometers off from the Wall is designated as a buffer zone to protect it. Change in Law to protect the Great Wall Back in Sep. 20 of 2006, the State Council have promulgated ordinances sing the protection of the Great Wall, which have come into consequence on Dec. 1 of the same twelvemonth ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A ; id=5635 & A ; CGid= , 2006 ) . The jurisprudence will concentrate on protecting the Great Wall, with its affiliated edifices and environing enviornment. For illustration, from August 2003 onwards, tramps and tourers will non be permitted to research unprotected subdivisions of the Great Wall. Harmonizing to an article found on Travel China Guide, The intent of the ordinance are to assist modulate visitor’s and local resident’s behaviours when sing the Wall. For illustration, article 18 of the ordinance forbits activites such as illegal organisations of activities and taking off points related to the Great Wall. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/ , 2006 ) Restoration Attempts Back in March of 2004, the initial stage of redevelopment on the subdivision known as Huanghuacheng had begun. Harmonizing to an article found on China Daily, â€Å"it includes rehabilitating 13 crenelations, two Gatess and 3,300 meters of wall on a four-kilogreat wall from the spacemetre stretch.† ( http: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htm, 2005 ) Mei Ninghua, manager of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage, besides mentioned that this redevelopment undertaking is scheduled to be carried out in three stages and would be at least 12 million kwai. To add on, Luo Zhewen, an expert on ancient architecture besides noted that original stuffs and traditional techniques should be used every bit much as possible, otherwise, the word â€Å"preservation† could non be fulfilled. Improvement However, merely as the saving work is undergoing, harm to the Wall are still going serious. Presently, A big sum of the wall has collapsed and in some subdivisions, merely its foundation remains, accroding to a five-year study ( Rossella Lorenzi, 2012 ) . On the other manus, subdivisions which are yet to be restored, known as â€Å"wild wall† and are non unfastened to the populace, besides suffer from semisynthetic harm. It could be found that local small towns frequently put up Fe ladders illicitly to pull tramps. It is frequently argued concentrated touristry is the chief cause for the harm done on the Wall, with most of the bricks in Badaling being carved with people’s names and graffito as back uping grounds. The Great Wall’s current saving work could be improved from several positions. First, it would be of import to educate the populace about the importance and cultural significance of stand foring their cultural individuality. Extra attention and fiscal support should be given to locals small towns populating near parts which are considered â€Å"wild walls. Most of the small towns are â€Å"damaging the Wall† merely because they are holding a tough life. It is possible that with equal fiscal support, the village’s load could be alleviated and no longer need to go on the aforesaid act. Planting trees can besides assist protect the countries from eroding. However, there are still suites for dialogue among cultural heritage organisations and Chinese authorities. Last but non least, tourers like us can besides take part in assisting the saving work. Merely as usual pattern when we visit foreign topographic points, we should ne'er go forth rubbish behind nor take away anything related to the Great Wall. Such undistinguished actions could lend a batch to the saving work to an extent far beyond our imaginativeness. Cultural significance of cultural site The Great Wall is the longest and oldest military munitions in the World, and ranks among the â€Å"Seven Wonders of the World† . It starts from Shanhaiguan Pass in the E and ends at Jiayuguan Pass in the West which is for protect the resist the invasion of mobile folks in different periods. The Great Wall was foremost built at the Spring and Autumn Period ( 770-476 BC ) and constructed at the Ming dynasties ( 1368-1644 ) , and the history reflected the significance and cultural significance behind the Great Wall. First of wholly, the Great Wall is a powerful symbol in China. It represents the fusion of China because it is a wall that made China was unified in the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) . ( China Highlights, 2011 ) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first portion of the Great Wall was built to against the war. The Great Wall had the intent of military defence, particularly in forestalling northern people on horseback from assailing people in the South. In the Qin dynasty ( 221 BC ) , King Zheng of Qin incorporate China by linked all the wall together and formed a dividing line in China. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, all of the Chinese worked together for the good of the state. ( Chen, 2014 ) Besides, the Great Wall is used as a spliting line to split the North and south nationality and maintain their civilization non affected by each other. Besides, the Great Wall helped to defence the northern people came and attacked China. In The â€Å" March of the Volunteers † which is t he National Anthem of the People ‘s Republic of China, the wordss â€Å"Take our flesh, and construct it to go a new Great Wall! † show that the Great Wall is the protection for the life and spirit of Chinese. ( Chiu, n.d. ) Second, the fables and narratives about the Great Wall show the cultural significance. As the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese state and its civilization, there were tonss of beautiful fables and narratives happened during building are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu ‘s narrative and the fable of the Beacon Tower. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) For the Meng Jiangnu ‘s narrative, it happened during the Qin Dynasty ( 221BC-206BC ) . Meng Jiangnu ‘s hubby was caught by federal functionaries and sent to construct the wall. After Meng knew her hubby was dead because of physique the wall, she cried and her ululation caused the prostration of a portion of the wall. This narrative shows the wall is the production of 10s of 1000s of Chinese common mans. Those beautiful narratives and legends about the wall are helpful to maintain the Chinese history and civilization. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) The Great Wall built to protect the civilization and agribusiness of China and support the onslaught from northern people. With the history and cultural significance of the Great Wall, it represents the spirit of Chinese as Chinese are tough and strong to protect themselves.DecisionReference List: [ Danny ]UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/2. UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Great Wall. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 [ Kelly’s ] 3. Owen ( 2012 ) ,â€Å"Lost† Great Wall of China Segment Found? National Geographic News. Mar 20, 2012. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120319-great-wall-of-china-mongolia-science-lindesay/ ? utm_source=feedburner & A ; utm_medium=feed & A ; utm_campaign=Feed % 3A+ng % 2FNews % 2FNews_Main+ % 28National+Geographic+News+-+Main % 29 & A ; utm_content=Google+Reader 4.Chow and Chan ( 2015 ) ,It ‘s even greater than we thought! Archeologists discovered NINE new subdivisions of the Great Wall of China.Daily Mail Online. Peopless Daily. United Kingdom. Apr 16, 2015. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3041972/It-s-greater-thought-Archaeologists-discovered-NINE-new-sections-Great-Wall-China.html [ Aiken’s ]Great Wall subdivision gets facelift ( 2005 ) .China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htmRegulations on Great Wall Protection,Travel China GuideRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/Great Wall to present patrol squad,China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htmRossella Lorenzi ( June 7, 2012 ) . Great Wall of China Twice every bit long as idea,Discovery NewsRetrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/great-wall-china-long-120607.htmRegulations on the Protection of The Great Wall,a?-a ¤Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢a?†¹e†¹Ã‚ ±?-†¡c ¶?Retrieved April 29, 2015, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A ; id=5635 & A ; CGid= [ Kawun ] Travel China Guide ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/culture/ China Highlights ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/culture/ Chen, A. ( 2014 ) . China Travel Page.Cultural Significance of the Great Wall of China. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinatravelpage.com/cultural-significance-of-the-great-wall-of-china Chiu, L. ( n.d. ) , Chinese Culture. InThe Chinese National Anthem. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol: //chineseculture.about.com/od/musicinchina/a/Nationalanthem.htm

Character Sketch of Mr.Woodwark from Finnie Walsh

Even in his most upset moments,Mr.. Woodward is an unfailing attractive character in the novel â€Å"Finnier Walsh†,written by Steven Galloway. Mr.. Woodward first impressed me when he met Finnier after that unfortunate accident for the first time. He starts the conversation with ‘Why aren't you boys playing hockey today? † instead of blaming them or cutting down their arms. That is not easy for him to forgive. But he still made it. Maybe because Finis's sparkling and teasing wit bring Mrs.. Woodward disapproval and Mr.. Woodward's attention. Mr..Woodward is always a great listener and glad to hare his own suggestions. I think, since then, some connections have already had between Mr.. Woodward and Finnier. After Mr.. Woodwork lost his hands, he began to relieve the burden of guilty of Finnier. He even says some tolerant word like â€Å"l knew our driveway is a fine place to play, so if you want play, then go ahead. † and â€Å"hold this, you will feel much better. † Because of his exceptional powers of observation, as well as his good sense, he lets Finnier released from the huge guilty and even becomes his support.As Finis's saying at the third period, ‘Your dad is the reason I come a goalie. † Mr.. Woodward sometimes misjudges things because of staying stubbornly. However, he has not realized his unique verve. Mr.. Woodward becomes more sensitive after that accident. For example, he cares about the way people treat him, and wonders that whether he is treated Just like the other ordinary people or not. He insists that â€Å"People work for what they get and do not accept charity. † Mr.. Woodward Is a strong man. He doesn't want people find that he feels upset without his arm.He refused any kind of compassion, so he lives as If he leaves his arm in a washroom or somewhere else. HIS confidence, a combination of stubborn and strengthen, leads him Into small mirrors and also keeps him alive. Unlike Pal, the man he works with, who keeps losing his claw for about twenty years and never give up to get new one, Mr.. Woodward Just accept It and moves on quickly. It seems like that he never fight with his fate, which Is realistic. He spends most of his time on education with wholehearted enthusiasm. As I said, Mr.. Woodward Is a strong man who always has his way to release.For me,Mr.. Woodward Is the most extinguished and unique character In this book. Although he was not mentioned a lot,he Is still Impressive,as well as attractive. He Just sets up a good example for Paul and Flannel,also for us. Character Sketch of Mr.. Woodward from Finnier Walsh By actually]nice becomes his support. As Finis's saying at the third period, norm dad is the reason I Mr.. Woodward is a strong man. He doesn't want people find that he feels upset without his arm. He refused any kind of compassion, so he lives as if he leaves his arm in a washroom or somewhere else.His confidence, a combination of stubborn ND strengt hen, leads him into small mirrors and also keeps him alive. Unlike Pal, the up to get a new one, Mr.. Woodward Just accept it and moves on quickly. It seems like that he never fight with his fate, which is realistic. He spends most of his time on education with wholehearted enthusiasm. As I said, Mr.. Woodward is a strong man For me,Mr.. Woodward is the most distinguished and unique character in this book. Although he was not mentioned a lot,he is still impressive,as well as attractive. He Just sets up a good example for Paul and Finnier,also for us.

Analysing The Religious Views On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

Analysing The Religious Views On Euthanasia Philosophy Essay When it comes to religious point of views on issues, euthanasia is one of the most controversial moral topics of all time. Euthanasia comes from the Greek word ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¡Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± meaning ‘good death. Euthanasia can be defined as â€Å"the practice of ending a life in a technique that reduces pain and suffering† ( Eike-Henner 11). Religions such as the Roman Catholics and Orthodox Judaism oppose euthanasia on the grounds that it invades God’s territory of life and death. Life is considered a gift from God and should only be taken back by God. There are different forms of euthanasia: voluntary/involuntary and active/passive. Active euthanasia is the inducement of death by taking specific steps such overdose of painkillers or sleeping pills. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, is the discontinuation of medical treatment in a terminal case so as to allow the patient have a natural death. Voluntary euthanas ia is killing a person for the purpose of relieving pain from terminal or incurable illness or injury with their consent. Finally, involuntary euthanasia is killing a person for the purpose of relieving suffering without first obtaining the person’s consent. â€Å"This paper will examine the ethical views of the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox Jews on the act of euthanasia.† The Roman Catholic teachings have a precise definition for euthanasia. Pope John Paul II describes it as â€Å"an act or omission which of itself or by intention causes death, with the purpose of eliminating all suffering† (Evangelium vitae [Ev], 1995, n. 65). The Church teaches that it is morally unacceptable and constitutes it as a murderous act, which is contrary to what they call the dignity of a person. Namely that every individual is born with dignity, and they are an estimable value. They value the human life, because a person indeed is priceless, for they are created by God. Euthana sia is an act that denies respect of God, the creator. Even if a person is acting on good faith, nothing changes the nature of what euthanasia is; at the very base euthanasia is an act of murder. When it comes to physicians assisted suicide the Roman Catholics describe it as a grave sin against God, because it suggests that a person is in charge of their body instead of God the creator. Physicians assisted suicide can be defined as â€Å"a doctor or medical staff person prescribes a lethal amount of medication with the intent of assisting a person commit suicide (John 151). The patient then takes the dose or turns the switch. Since preserving life is the greatest good for Catholics, they believe that the 5th commandment in the Old Testament of the Bible says it all â€Å"Thou shall not kill† (John 14). They believe this applies to killing oneself or killing someone else who has asked to die such as a terminally ill patient. No human being has the authority to make life and d eath decisions. Killing denies the victim something that he or she values greatly, continued life or a future. Moreover, since continued life is necessary for pursuing future endeavors, killing brings the suppression of all of these plans. Therefore, Catholics believe that doctor assisted-suicide deprives an individual of a future that they potentially could’ve had.

Managing Organizational Culture for Improved Performance Essay

Managing Organizational Culture for Improved Performance - Essay Example 93) indicates that organisational culture has been described as a set of norms, beliefs, principles and ways of behaving that gives organisations a distinctive character. This is the same definition that many writers have used and so there is a general understanding of what it means. Norms are established patterns of behaviour which most writers agree to. 1.3 Culture Management Culture management refers to the refreshment of the existing culture within an organisation or the change of a culture that has become obsolete (Grigoruta et al 2005). 2.0 Culture and organisational performance According to Deal and Kennedy (2000) every business has a culture.’ However, sometimes it is reduced to bits and pieces and is therefore difficult to read from the outside. Some employees are loyal to their bosses while some are loyal to the union and still there are others who only care about their fellow employees. Even though there are those who only work because they need money there are time s when the culture of an organisation is strong and cohesive with everyone having knowledge of the goals and therefore working towards it. Deal and Kennedy (2000) further points out that culture has a very powerful influence whether it is weak or strong. It affects almost everything including who gets promoted, how employees dress and the spots they play. This impact suggests that ‘culture has a major impact on the success of the business.’ Deal and Kennedy (2000) provides examples of early leaders of American businesses including Harley Procter of Procter & Gamble and Thomas Watson of IBM who believed that strong culture played a role in the success of their organisations. These leaders believed that the organisation in which persons were employed helped to shape their lives and productivity. They saw their role as creating an environment which was effectively a culture within their organisations; one in which employees felt secure and thereby carry out the work necess ary to make the organisation successful. They had no magical formula but through trial and error. The cultures that these leaders built and nourished have helped to sustain their organisations through very difficult times. The organisations that they led continue to be successful as they still have strong cultures and still continue to be leaders in their industry. What Deal and Kennedy (2000) suggests is that there is no formula – they just did it by trial and error which is much like trying something until it works. This cannot be a prescription for organisations that want to improve their performance and is far from the truth. It is clear that these leaders of whom Deal and Kennedy (2000) spoke used various means which resulted in highly motivated employees who were willing to go the extra mile to ensure that these organisations achieved there goals. Motivating people and letting them feel as if they are a very important part of the organisation is an important aspect of l eadership. It is the things that are done to motivate employees that have led to successful companies. Deal and Kennedy

PASBD reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PASBD reflection - Essay Example Due to the knowledge obtained from this unit, my presentation skills, communication, group-handling skills, decision making under both certainty and uncertainty and the much-needed problem solving skills are sharp. In the short past in the industry, we have made three presentations and one interview, made analysis, and compiled corporate reports. These trainings have made us realize our areas of weaknesses and opportunities. I have gained immense insight and training in my field based on the provisions of the unit (PASBD). My interview, teamwork, and communication skills are quite efficient. As a result I am today in a position of interacting with personalities of whatever manner. The PASBD is designed with the sole aim of developing the skills of professionals in a manner that as graduands of the course we are able to handle hard tasks with tighter deadlines and unpredictable situations (Bolton 2005). As an accountant having gone through this course, I exhibit the highest form of competency in my work. Apart from simply aiding my group members and me in getting a job, PASBD also helps me be organized in any job to an extent that I am able to grow, survive in the jobs and ultimately excel in terms of my career growth. My theoretical aspects of the course already acquired throughout the other modules of the course have been translated into practical approaches. Today I am able to adopt technological approaches to finding solutions to problems I face in the industry. At my workplace, I am able to work harmoniously in teams and achieve individual targets as well. In addition, my listening skills are quite effective and making professional or corporate presentation in our organization is just exemplary. Today, from the knowledge acquired am able to identify and solve a variety of problems whether structured or unstructured an aspect that I appreciate so much (Cartwright & Scisco

Management Analysis for Whole Foods Market Essay

Management Analysis for Whole Foods Market - Essay Example Whole Foods Market get suppliers that produce least processed, most flavorful and naturally processed food and organic products which consumers prefer the most. Whole Foods Market has stores located mostly on urban areas and major cities to tap the most number of their potential and target customers. This is to ensure that the company will be able to maintain its market share and at least compete at par with its competitors that are mostly located on urban and major cities across the nation. One of the main weaknesses of Whole Foods Market would be its expensive natural and food items relative to its competitors. Even though the company has been able to make various ways to amply cut down their market price, but still when compared it closely to its competitors like Trader Joe's, Whole Foods Market's products are relatively expensive. Whole Foods Market failed to insulate, or at least minimize the adverse effects of economic slowdown of the country. This only suggests the degree of dependency of its growth from the economic condition of the country despite of the fact that it also operate abroad. The increasing health and wellness consciousness of many consumers in the market makes natural and organic food items more in-demand to the market, thus, giving enough room for Whole Foods Market to expand by establishing more stores to accommodate more customers and generate more income. The fast development of technology, software solutions like ChefTec which is primarily being used in inventory control and recipe and menu control, made Whole Foods Market to perform efficiently. The advent of new software solution indeed help Whole Foods Market to minimized their production cost and maximized their profit through achieving efficient operations. Threats The increasing degree of competition in the natural and organic food industry make it a lot harder for Whole Foods Market to optimally utilize the high demand of consumers for natural and organic food items in the market. With the growing number of stores of their competitors, Whole Foods Market started to experience declining profits and sales volume. The economic slowdown of the country has also starting to penetrate the natural and organic food industry which directly affects the profitability of Whole Foods Market. Last August 2008, Whole Foods Market recorded a 31% profit drop in the market which was enough to shake their stockholders (McRoskey 1). Works Cited McRoskey, Ricky (2008) "Whole Foods' Big Markdown" 11 October 2008. Business Week.

Response Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response Paper 2 - Essay Example For example, if someone is in a concentration camp for nothing but being Polish, they are a victim. But, if they are extorting other people in the concentration camp by acting as an informant to the Nazi guards, they are also victimizing other people. Therefore, it is possible to be, at the same time, victim and victimized; there is always someone on some higher level, who is victimizing the person victimizing you. In Gross’ book, this relationship is made very clearly. Gross’ book is not perfect, although it does refer to patterns of concentration camp victimization, because the book is also the victim, and perhaps has been victimizing the reader. Time will tell, but there are accusations that Gross left out dozens of licenses for different people - witnesses, defendants, etc., who spoke on the role of the German outbreak of food poisoning, and instead just quoted the witnesses, which indicated the participation of Poles. It was argued, among other things, the first test of a chef Julia Sokolowski, which was later withdrawn, and the material Karol Bardon, a German policeman, who was sentenced to death, tried to dilute its responsibility and blame residents of the city. Professor Gross has never explained the reasons for his choice. He never explained why he accepts some of the documents and rejects others. â€Å"I am convinced that Neighbors is a book which had to be written and which is needed. Facing up to the painful truth of Jedwabne i s, in my conviction, the most serious test that we Poles have had to confront in the last decade† (Strembzosz, 2001). In reality, ideas of victimization in terms of this book may run deeper than expected, if any part of it is found to be fabricated. â€Å"A subsequent investigation conducted by the  Polish Institute of National Remembrance  (IPN) largely supported Grosss conclusions  The IPN investigation concluded that "residents of Jedwabne and its environs, of Polish nationality, committed

Business process management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business process management - Essay Example Finally are investments: getting the maximum return on each investment by certifying that they operate as projected. Process perspective business also tears down walls of the structural aspects of the company and attempt to avoid operating silos. These silos cause each departmental structure to depend solely on its purpose aside from understanding its contribution and value within the organisation. Strategic value of this perspective is from not only the analysing of the existing process, but also learning which areas need improvement. The supporting processes, which are used to achieve goals, are business process improvement. This is the core of process perspectives. Business processes need to be created and instilled to add value and contention to the company, not the inclusion of unnecessary actions. The result of a finely created business process results in value for the consumers through increases in overall effectiveness and lower costs for the business through higher efficacy. Process development is usually seen as an automated process that results in job losses. Even if these are results of process improvements, this is not the ultimate reasoning for it. Process perspective is defined as the interrelated sequential set of actions and responsibilities that turn input into output. The focus of cross-functional and optimal values is the goals of the organisation.

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools Research Paper

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools - Research Paper Example The pledge is a promise that Americans make to their country. ‘Allegiance’ means that one is loyal to the country. The flag is the symbol of America. ‘Republic’ means a democratic space where people are guaranteed the rights to take part in electioneering politics and voting processes. ‘One nation’ stands for a unified America. â€Å"Under God† symbolizes the people’s reverence of God as the source of blessing upon America. ‘Indivisible’ means that the states of America should not divide for any reason. ‘Liberty’ means that the people have freedom to pursue their interests without inhibition while ‘justice for all’ means that everyone in America would be treated fairly according to the law and the founding values of the country. Having been created in 1892, The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools. It is a historical reminder of what America is about. The magazine, ‘The Youth’s Companion’ on September 8, 1892 published the words of the Allegiance Pledge. It intended to have students recite it at school during the commemoration of Columbus Day in 1892. On October 12, 1892, an approximated 12 million children in America recited the word of the Pledge of Allegiance, marking the beginning of what would become a school tradition in America (Streufert, para 1). ... Streufert (para 3) further added that only a half of the states currently have laws that encourage the recitation of the pledge by children in classrooms. This shows of how the great significance of the Pledge of Allegiance has waned in the country. The Pledge of Allegiance has been met with several challenges in the recent times because of the addition of the phrase ‘under God’ to it. According to Conton (para 1-2), the phrase ‘under God’ has brought several lawsuits that challenge the pledge as violating equal rights of the multicultural diversity in America. Kevin Conton is the national editor for CNN in Massachusetts. The latest lawsuits that challenge the pledge on grounds of religious discrimination have always failed one after the other. The basis of their failures in courts across the U.S. is because the Pledge of Allegiance does not have a compulsory clause that forces one to recite it if they feel that it violates their equal rights (Conton para 6) . Despite the ongoing legal battles of the constitutionality of the phrase ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance, Americans should understand one fact that the pledge does not criminalize those who feel violated from reciting it. There are several inevitable values that American citizens should remind themselves of through recitation of the pledge in public schools. It does not mean that everyone in public schools should be forced to recite it. However, American children who feel obliged to reconnect with American values and history through recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance should be given an opportunity to do so because they have the liberty to enjoy that freedom. The differences in opinions of those who support the Pledge of Allegiance and those oppose it could just be a healthy part of

Technology and Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Technology and Decision Making Essay The quality of patient care, communication between health care staff, and the safety of patients has greatly improved since the onset of technology. Through the improvement of information technology, the ability to collect data and manage the decisions based on the data collected has enhanced in the clinical setting as well as in the business portion. Health care informatics incorporates theories from informational science, computer science, and cognitive science (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). This information helps to gather and process it in order to make an informed decision. Important information could be missed if the data is ignored. Some of the most recent technology which includes the internet and cell phones has made it possible to access information quickly in order to make the best decision for the patient in order to provide good quality care. Technology changes every day and it is important to keep up with these changes that will help support clinical decisions made by the caregivers. This paper on informatics will show the systems and information theories, the DIK model, and the role of the expert system in nursing care and medicine. System and information theories System. â€Å"A system is a set of related interacting parts enclosed in a boundary† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.5). There are many types of systems which include but are not limited to: computer systems, school systems, health care systems, and people. Systems can be living or nonliving, open or closed. Closed systems do not act with the environment whereas open system have the ability to act with the environment. Open systems can be used to understand technology and those individuals associated with its use. This type of system takes input from the environment, processes it, and then returns it back to the environment as output, which serves as feedback. This theory can better help the individual understand the way people work with systems in the health care industry and allow for a visualization of the whole picture. A common term using in computer science is GIGO, â€Å"garbage in, garbage out†. This applies in the sense that a system is only as good as its user. If the user is inputting garbage, or poor quality data, the computer is likely to output the same. A system requires an accurate source in order for accurate material to be produced as a result. Open systems have three types of characteristics which include: purpose, functions, and structure (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). The purpose is the reason for the existence of the system or the program and is most often stated in the organization’s mission statement. This is true for health care organizations, churches, and schools. For example, the mission statement of the local public health department to promote health, prevent illness, and control communicable disease by providing quality services, health education, and environmental services for the community. Computer systems are often classified by their purpose and may have more than one purpose. By selecting a purpose that all individuals agree upon within the organization, a system can be chosen. It is important to take the time to identify the purpose with all those who will be using the system. Functions identify the methods in which the system will achieve its purpose. â€Å"Functions are activities that a system carries out to achieve its purpose† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.6). When a computer system is chosen a list of functional specification must be put in writing to identify each function and how it will be performed. Systems are structured to allow the functions to be carried out. Some examples of structured systems include the nursing department. The nurse in charge will assign patients to the staff nurses with the purpose to provide care. The charge nurse will ensure that the team is functioning with the ability to provide the care the patient needs and deserves. Two different models can be used to visualize the structure of a system: hierarchical and web. In the hierarchical model, each computer is a part of the local area network (LAN) which in turn is part of a wide area network (WAN) that is connected to the mainframe computer system. The mainframe is the leader of the system or lead part. The web model functions much like that of a spider-web. It has the capability to pass information to many departments that may use it for different purposes. For example,  laboratory results may be sent to the pharmacy to calculate a medication dosage and patient vitals may be sent to another department for review and use. â€Å"A system includes structural elements from both the web and hierarchical model† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p.7). Everything living or nonliving are in a constant state of change. Six concepts are helpful in understanding the change process: 1)dynamic homeostasis, 2)entropy, 3)negentropy, 4) specialization, 5)reverberation, and 6)equifinality. Dynamic homeostasis consists of maintaining an equal balance within the system. At times, increased stress can throw off the balance and cause challenges to the organization. A health care informatics specialist’s job is to decrease the stress and restore the balance within the organization. Entropy can be best described as the tendency of the system to break down into parts. This can be the loss of some data when transmitted from one department to another. All systems, living or nonliving, reach a point where they are no longer repairable. When this point is reached, a system must be replaced. Negentropy is the opposite of entropy and is best described as the system’s ability to multiply and become more complex. As the size of the health car e industry grows, so do the health care information systems. Information technology. â€Å"Information technology has the potential to greatly streamline healthcare and greatly reduce the chance of human error. However, there is a growing literature indicating that if systems are not designed adequately they may actually increase the possibility of error in the complex interaction between clinician and machine in healthcare† (Borycki, E., Kushniruk, A., Brender, J., 2010, p. 714). The term information has more than one meaning and the term information theory refers to multiple theories. The two common theoretical theories of information theories are: Shannon and Weaver’s information-communication model and Blum’s model (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 10). The information theory was presented as a formal theory in 1948 with a publication by Claude Shannon titled â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Communication†. In this theory, the sender is the originator of the message and then the encoder converts the message into a code. A code can be a number, symbol, letters, or words. The decoder then converts the message to a format that can be recognized by the receiver. Shannon was a telephone engineer and explained this theory in a way that the decoder was the  telephone converting sound waves into a message the receiver could understand. â€Å"Warren Weaver, from the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, provided the interpretation for understanding the semantic meaning of a message† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 12). He used Shannon’s works to explain the interpretational aspects of communication as each individual perceives things different from the next. Different types of circumstances may occur causing a message to be interpreted wrong. For example, if a physician is using medical terminology that the patient cannot understand there is definitely a communication problem. If the patient cannot hear what is being said because the ear is not transmitting sound, then there is a different type of communication problem. The message must convey meaning and produce the intended result. Bruce L. Blum defined three types of health care computing applications called Blum’s Model. He grouped these applications in data, information, or knowledge. Data are those things such as height, weight, age, and name. Information is defined as data that has been processed. Knowledge is the relationship between data and information. Using these concepts, it is possible to identify different levels of computing and automated systems. Data, Information, and Knowledge (DIK) model Healthcare informatics can be explained using a model consisting of three parts: data, information, and knowledge (Georgiou, 2002). The three parts are demonstrated using a hierarchy pyramid. Data is the platform in the model, representing the foundation. Data is represented as facts and observations, but without supporting context, the data is irrelevant. Until the information is validated or manipulated the data is not significant, once it is manipulated, the data can provide value to the user. Information is the product of data once the data has been manipulated. The result of data and information is evidence-based knowledge. Evidence based knowledge can be used to support evidence based medicine. Some individuals feel that too much focus has been put on data, limiting the ability to practice medicine as a science. Instead, the use of data suggests that medicine is being practiced based on statistics instead of science. Yet, the same critics will use the same hierarchy of data, information and knowledge to treat a patient that develops a fever after hip surgery. The fever alone does not provide significant information but combined with information of a  recent surgery, a physician will test further for signs of infection. The end result is the knowledge of why the patient is feverish. Viewing informatics in the form of the decision-information-knowledge (DIK) model allows individuals to see the process as a whole. The data must be accurately representing what is occurring or the information will not be accurate. The statement, â€Å"dirty in, dirty out,† can be applied to the platform of the model. It is essential that clean data be entered into the system, allowing clean data and information to be produced. The product, knowledge, can then be substantiated through the evidence produced. Just as evidence is used to make clinical decisions, the DIK model is used, in conjunction with the scie ntific information, to build evidence based medicine. Health informatics involves spreading and distributing information as just one piece of the process of producing knowledge which is multifaceted (Georgiou, 2002). The role of expert system in nursing care and medicine Nurses and other health care professionals make decisions on a daily basis that affect patients’ care and treatment. Nurses and health care professionals are not expert in all areas of nursing care and medicine. Health care workers specialized in certain area or field of medicine or nursing are not always readily available to everyone. Expert systems have been developed to assist medical and health care providers with decisions about care and treatment of patient. An expert system is a knowledge-based computer program designed to â€Å"enhance the human ability to analyze, problem solve, treat, diagnose, and estimate prognosis of health-related conditions† (Englebardt Nelson, 2002, p. 114). â€Å"Nursing expert systems can improve the overall quality of care when designed for the appropriate end-user group and based on a knowledge base reflecting nursing expertise† (Courtney, Alexander, and Demiris, 2008, P. 697). Examples of expert systems include MYCIN, a system that advise physicians about antimicrobial selection for patients with meningitis or bacteremia and INTERNIST-1, a system that assist with diagnosing complex problems in general internal medicine (Shortliffe, 1986). Health care workers may not always have the knowledge base to diagnose and treat every condition or situation encountered. Expert systems are used to close the gap in knowledge providing effective, efficient, and  accurate care. The concept of expert system is driven by the desire to improve patient care, reduce cost, and disseminate expert knowledge. Expert systems are used just as x-rays and lab values are obtained to improve the human understanding of a patient’s condition. The human memory has limitations. Expert systems can be the answer to eliminating a large number of preventable medical mistakes. This system can alert health care workers about drug interactions and allergies, and provide preferable form o f treatment. Expert systems can assist in diagnostic suggestions, testing prompts, therapeutic protocols, and practice guidelines. The utilization of expert systems has an impact on the quality of care, economy, and medical education of staff. Expert systems, when used effectively can improve patient outcomes and decrease health care costs. Fewer mistakes lead to lower financial expenditures and increased profits. Improved quality of care result in improved patient satisfaction that leads to increased reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid. Expert systems can also decrease the variation in medical practice emphasizing standardized and evidence-based practice of care. Along with expert systems, decision aids and decision support systems are used to improve patient care. The use of decision aids and decision support systems Clinical decision aids help to identify solutions to clinical situations. Decision aids can be either paper-form or electronic. The electronic decision aids can be accessed via recorded media or the Internet. Decision aids are utilized to facilitate shared decisions between the patient and interdisciplinary team taking care of them. They help the patient to think about the multiple decisions they must make in the course of their treatment regimen. An example is the Ottawa Patient Decision Aid. This decision aid helps to determine whether or not patients should seek antibiotics for bronchitis. Another example is a decision aid about whether or not someone should place his or her family in a long-term care facility for Alzheimer’s disease (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). A decision support system (DSS) is an interactive, flexible, and adaptable computer-based information system (CBIS), which was made to support decision-making as it relates to the solution of an individual problem. â€Å"A clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an automated decision support system (DSS) that  mimics human decision making and can facilitate the clinical diagnostic process, promote the use of best practices, assist with the development and adherence of guidelines, facilitate processes for improvement of care, and prevent errors† (Englebardt and Nelson, 2002, p. 116). Decision support systems utilize data and provide easy user interface that permit for the decision maker’s own insights. Four components of decision support systems are user interface, model library, model manager, and report writer. User interface makes communication between the executive and decision support system. Model library includes statistical, graphical, financial, and â€Å"what if† models. Model manager accesses available models. Report Writer generates written output (Englebardt Nelson, 2002). Four types of CDSS used in patient care decision-making are systems that use alerts to respond to clinical data, systems respond to decisions to alter care by critiquing decisions, systems suggest interventions at the request of care providers, and systems conduct retrospective quality assurance reviews. Examples of nursing-specific decision support systems are nursing diagnosis systems such as the Computer Aided Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention (CANDI) system, care planning systems such as the Urological Nursing Information System, symptom management systems such as the Cancer Pain Decision Support system, and nursing education systems such as the Creighton Online Multiple Modular Expert System (Courtney, Alexander, and Demiris, 2008). The uses of technology for patient and client management As Information Technology continues to have more presence in health care, patients, physicians, and staff are benefiting from on-demand access to information anyplace, anytime it is needed. Advances in technology provide healthcare organizations the ability to improve the quality of patient care. An ultimate goal of using technology is to improve the quality of care patients receive (Become a Meaningful User of Health IT, 2010). Technology can be found patient homes, clinics, extended care facilities, and hospitals, to name just a few. As the number of chronic diseases continues to increase technologies like telemedicine and video-conferencing can improve the quality of life of patients with chronic conditions, and reduce costs caused by these illnesses (Finkelstein Friedman, 2000). Improving quality, access, and client management is done by enhancing the  exchange of information between providers, institutions, and payers, allowing patients to receive uninterrupted continuity of care. For the people living in rural areas, the restrictions placed on services and specialists can be improved using technology (Smith, Bensink, Armfield, Stillman, Caffery, 2005). Telecommunications in the healthcare environment can provide patients and providers an opportunity to meet and even exceed expectations clients and the community have. A physician accessing a patients’ record from his home can provide treatment and develop a plan of care without sitting in his clinic to access the patients’ chart. Caregivers are no longer at the mercy of ongoing education provided at a variety of locations and cost. Learning management systems available via the Internet allow staff to review material and participate in competency testing. Tools are available through the advances in technology, which allow training by developing simulations of patients used for assessment training in virtual environments, assessing cognitive skills of providers (McGowan, 2008). As technologies in healthcare continue to improve, caregivers and patients will continue to experience changes in many areas.  Communication, teaching, and documenting will be affected, which change the way clinicians provide care and the way clients will receive it. Analysis of the effect of technology on health care and health status Prior to computers and digital equipment seen in today’s healthcare facilities, most of what was done for patients was done manually. Manual processes could be time consuming and the opportunity for human error, which could affect the quality of care a patient received, was real. In a recent report from the Institute of medical care, it was stated that humans are inherently imperfect, and error is frequent in medical car (Patton, 2001). Technologies affecting patient care and a person’s health status include improvements to imaging systems, documentation solutions, and scheduling systems. Modern medicine relies on technological systems coming together: the operating room, clinical laboratory, radiology department, and radiation oncology facility each incorporate interrelated networks of technologies (Patton, 2001). Surgeries that once required large incisions can be done through microscopic incisions resulting in shorter hospital stays. Early diagnosis and improved treatment plans have been inevitably affected by technology. Although technology allows healthcare to improve access to patient information allowing easier access that is current and up-to-date there are also disadvantages to this kind of access. Consumers and caregivers have large volumes of information, which can be accessed, not all of the information accessed will be understood or accurate. Society must be aware that not all sites will be able to monitor and ensure information being accessed is credible; it is inevitable some of the information provided and retrieved will be inaccurate. Worse yet information which are by law confidential, may also be accessed without the consent of the patient. In addition to the ability to monitor healthcare information, technology may also make it challenging for physicians to practice under complete autonomy. With the increase in the complexity of technology, physicians must agree on how components relate to one another, also known as standards (Patton, 2001). As a result, some physicians can be seen resisting the adoption of new processes, but with ongoing development of user-friendly systems, resistance can be overcome. References Become a Meaningful User of Health IT. (2010). HHN: Hospitals Health Networks, 84(12), 47. Borycki, E., Kushniruk, A., Brender, J. (2010). Theories, models and frameworks for diagnosing technology-induced error. Studies In Health Technology And Informatics, 160(Pt 1), 714-718. Finkelstein, J. J., Friedman, R. H. (2000). Potential Role of Telecommunication Technologies in the Management of Chronic Health Conditions. Disease Management Health Outcomes, 8(2), 57-63. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Courtney, K. L., Alexander, G. L., Demiris, G. (2008). Information technology from novice to expert: implementation implications. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(6), 692-699. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2007.00829.x Englebardt, S. P. Nelson, R. (2002).Health care informatics. An interdisciplinary approach. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Georgiou, A. (2002). Data information and knowledge: the health informatics model and its role in evidence-based medicine. Journal Of Evaluation In Clinical Practice, 8(2), 127-130. McGowan, J. J. (2008). The Pervasiveness of Telemedicine: Adoption With or Without a Research Base. JGIM: Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(4), 505-507. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0534-z Patton, G. (2001). The two-edged sword: how technology shapes medical practice. Physician Executive, 27(2), 42-49. Shortliffe, E. H. (1986). Medical Expert Systems- Knowledge Tool for Physicians. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307157/?page=2 Smith, A., Bensink, M., Armfield, N., Stillman, J., Caffery, L. (2005, October-December). Telemedicine and rural health care applications. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 51(4), 286.

The Issue Of Unethical Advertising

The Issue Of Unethical Advertising The issue of unethical advertising is closely connected with the entire concept of business ethics. If the origin of misleading or false advertising studied, the early beginning of unethical advertising probably found in the early time of mankind, at the same time when the trade appeared. Within the history the art of selling developed greatly, and even the branches of science appeared, which studying and developing the new methods and technologies of making people to consume different goods. Sometimes these methods and solutions break the ethical and moral principles and even the existing laws. For example the infamous effect of 25th frame could be mentioned. The human eyes can precept the video stream with the frequency of frames 24 per second. If the 25th frame with the proper message like Drink coca-cola is added to the video stream, audience will not notice the message but will remember it on the subconscious level and execute its order buying coca-cola. However the recent trends in this sphere are rather optimistic. The researchers of defined the harmful kinds of advertising and the most vulnerable parts of audience and started working on the laws forbidding some kinds of advertising. In this work I will cite the definitions of different types of advertising based on the mechanism of its influence, some cases of improper advertising will be discussed and some aspects of advertising will be commented. Unethical advertising To define my personal relation to unethical advertising Id like to use the classification of advertising by Tom Beauchamp. He divided all advertising on three broad categories according the way of influence on the audience: They are coercion, manipulation and persuasion. Beauchamp defines the level of control for every of these classes as the following: 1) Coercive influences are always control ­ling influences; (2) manipulative influences are sometimes controlling influences; and (3) persuasive influences are never control ­ling influences.(Beauchamp, 477) Sure, it is often hard to determine manipulating advertising, especially in those cases when the producers or advertisers dont agree with the definition. Freedom of choice is rather abstract category, not only in consumption but in daily life. Many of peoples choice are closely connected with their religious, ethnical or family background. Beauchamp, however, proposes to leave the issue of ideal freedom and try to define if ac ­tions of consumers are sufficiently or adequately free. To make the detection of manipulating advertising easier, he gives the definitions of coercion, manipu ­lation, and persuasion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦coercion occurs if one party deliber ­ately and successfully uses force or a credible threat of unwanted, avoidable, and serious harm in order to compel a particular re ­sponse from another person. No matter how attractive or overwhelming an offer, coercion is not involved unless a threatening sanction is presented. (Beauchamp, 477) As the example the advertising of medical attention and food in return on human blood in starving countries could be provided. Nowadays this class of advertising is extremely rare, though it was widely spread before the industrial age. ..persuasion is a deliberate and suc ­cessful attempt by one person to encourage another to freely accept beliefs, attitudes, val ­ues, or actions through appeals to reason. The first person offers what he or she be ­lieves to be good reasons for accepting the desired perspective. In paradigmatic cases of persuasion, these good reasons are conveyed through structured verbal facts or argument. (Ibid) The persuasion can use not only verbal methods, but express the good reasons through nonverbal communication. Theoretically persuasive advertising is the most ethical class; however the situation is more complicated, as it is discussed below. Manipulation is a broad category that includes any successful attempt to elicit the desired response from another person by non-coercively modifying choices available to the person or by no persuasively altering another person perception of available choices. (Beauchamp, 479) The main difference between manipulation and persuasion is that the last one based on deception. The case of marketing infant formula could be the good example of manipulation. As was stated in the case study, there were two points of criticism in this marketing company: the aggressive advertising of instant formula that made new mothers believing the instant formula is equal or even better then breast milk for babies, and the use of medical workers in product promotion. As for me, the second issue should not be the object of criticism. Despite the influence of instant formula on babys digestion was not studied sufficiently, it was the good alternative for rice water or other artificial substitutes of breast milk. The lack of mother milk is not the new trouble, so the instant formula could be a good solution when mother has no enough milk or newborn baby has intolerance to lactose, or in some other cases. Prescript by medical personnel, infant formula could be a kind of treatment. However the combination of aggressive advertising with the promotion through medical personal was rather unethical. Using the lack of knowledge about the properties of instant formula in comparison with breast milk Nestle promoted its production among the mother who really didnt need artificial feeding for their babies. The use of somebodys lack of knowledge for the profit is a deception, so the marketing company of instant formula by Nestle was the manipulation. The result of such unethical marketing was the growths of child mortality level, though different sources evaluate differently the number of deaths from digestion malfunction. Id not support the claim of Dr. Spoke to boycott all the production of Nestle, but the unethical behavior of this company makes me suspicious regarding its production. Speaking about unethical advertising it could not be skipped the issue of tobacco and alcohol advertising. Alcohol and tobacco are legal drugs, and their harmful impact on people proved many years ago. So, the advertisers use so-called lifestyle advertising, which connecting the use of tobacco and alcohol with good times, easy sex and lot of fun. In the article Marketing and disclosure the Kool Penguin was mentioned, the image of repositioned Kool cigarettes by Brown and Williamson tobacco. Young-looking penguin with stylish hair dress in fashion sunglasses advertised cigarettes, and this campaign was unethical twice, in my opinion. First of all, I am sure that any advertising of drugs like alcohol and cigarettes is unethical and have to be banned. The damage from these two drugs within the history of mankind could hardly be evaluated because it is really huge. Sure, people will continue use the tobacco and alcohol, because history shows any bans and restrictions are useless. But I a m sure that customers of tobacco and alcohol should have information regarding these products only on demand, and this information should include the warnings about potential harm of these drugs, not the pictures and descriptions of brilliant lifestyle. Returning to the Kool cigarettes and Kool penguin, Id like to emphasize the second ethical problem of this image. Its young look can raise the consumption of cigarettes between youth. It is proved that children can use the empirical experience of previous situations after they are six years old in average, but it would be mistake to think that on its sixth birthday child gets the opportunity to detect and resist manipulations. The psychic of children and adolescents is rather vulnerable, their suggestibility is great, and so the advertising can have more significant impact on their mind. That is why the use of child-oriented symbols in the advertising of drugs is, probably, the most unethical marketing policy. The issue of women images in the advertising is another hot topic nowadays. Advertisers use images of beautiful women to promote their goods, especially food. The problem is that women who believe the advertising and consume the advertised food often loose their beauty because of excess weight and other problems with basal metabolism. Besides, the vital standards (height, weight, volume of tail and so on) of female models working in advertising business differ from the average female vital standards. Thus, the advertisers impose the artificial standard of beauty, that cant fit to every woman. It makes many women all over the world feel discomfort regarding their appearance, use different diets that can be injurious for the health, and so on, So, the advertising that demonstrates happiness, really kills it. Conclusion The limit of words makes me finish my though, but I want to summarize facts stated above: the ethical standards for advertising should be stricter, because unethical advertising brings a lot of potential harm to the society of consumers.

California Gold Rush :: essays research papers

California Gold Rush: by Lauren Burt James Wilson Marshall was a skilled carpenter trained by his wheelwright father in New Jersey. Marshall was building a sawmill for California land developer John Sutter in Coloma Valley near Sacramento when he observed something glittering in the new millrace that had been allowed to flow overnight. He described the nugget as "half the size and shape of a pea." "It made my heart thump," he later recalled, "for I was certain it was gold." Examining the nugget, he exclaimed to his fellow workmen, "Boys, by God, I believe I have found a gold mine." The impact of Marshall's find that afternoon at Sutter's Mill in the Sierra Nevada foothills was enormous, and became known worldwide. Although Marshall's discovery occurred in 1848, the electrifying news did not reach the East Coast and other parts of the world until a year later, triggering the Gold Rush of '49, the greatest stampede of gold seekers in history. The only hope was to keep the discovery quiet. Sutter and Marshall swore the mill workers to secrecy, but word got out. When Jacob Wittmer took two wagons up to the mill on February 9, the Wimmer children apparently told him of the gold. When he scoffed at the story, it was confirmed by Mrs. Wimmer and the other adults. Wittmer brought the news back to the fort, and even used some of the gold to buy a bottle of brandy at the fort store. The store operator sent word to his partner in San Francisco, the enterprising Sam Brannan. Henry Bigler shared the news with three of his fellow Mormons who were working on the new flour mill near Sutter's Fort. They visited Coloma and then on the way back to Sutter's Fort prospected at a spot that shortly became the rich diggings of Mormon Island. On February 10, Sutter himself wrote his impatient creditor, General Mariano Vallejo: "My sawmill is finished and I have made a discovery of a gold mine ... which is extraordinarily rich." As the word seeped out, Sutter was soon openly telling visitors to the fort about the discovery. The first printed notice of the discovery was in the March 15 issue of "The Californian" in San Francisco. Shortly after Marshall's discovery, General John Bidwell discovered gold in the Feather River and Major Pearson B. Reading found gold in the Trinity River.

native son :: essays research papers

Native Son by Richard Wright is a novel written about a black boy trying to grow up in a white man's world. Bigger, the main character is growing up in a typical black neighborhood. He is the only man of the house so he must help his mother support them. In this novel it is important to understand that Bigger is prone to violence. In every tough situation he gets stuck in he refers to a violent action. This can be seen by the way he treats his friends and family. Richard Nathaniel Wright was born on September 4, 1908 on a Mississippi plantation. During Wright's childhood he was often hungry. This allowed Wright to write passionately and eloquently about the meaning of suffering in the lives of oppressed and exploited people because that suffering was an integral part of his own life. The Communist Party had been the only one to take a deep interest in Wright's life and had at one time offered to teach him to write. Richard Wright died on November 28, 1960, at the age of 52 in Paris. I feel that Max had the most influence on Bigger. Max helped Bigger realize what he had done wrong and how that not all white people were out to get the black man. At times Bigger felt that Max was only trying to hurt him but I think that deep down inside, Bigger knew Max was only there to help him. Max looked out for Bigger's best wishes. Max knew that if Bigger had testified the lawyers would have pounded him with questions and made him seem more guilty that he already was. I also think that it showed Bigger that Max cared about him and showed Bigger that he was going to help him though the trial. Max showed not only the court, but the nation as a whole, that there is no way that Bigger can receive a fair trial. Bigger and Max both know this. I also think that Bigger knows he is going to die Max is the only one trying to help him. Max is trying to do the impossible. That is make a black man innocent in a white man's court. Max not only had a major influence on Bigger, but he was one of the only people that cared about him and did not judge him by the color of his skin.

Attitudes of Marriage in Chaucers the Canterbury Tales :: essays papers

Attitudes of Marriage in Chaucers the Canterbury Tales Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, demonstrate many different attitudes and perceptions towards marriage. Some of these ideas are very traditional, such as that illustrated in the Franklin’s Tale. On the other hand, other tales present a liberal view, such as the marriages portrayed in the Miller’s and The Wife of Bath’s tales. While several of these tales are rather comical, they do indeed depict the attitudes towards marriage at that time in history. D.W. Robertson, Jr. calls marriage "the solution to the problem of love, the force which directs the will which is in turn the source of moral action" (Robertson, 88). "Marriage in Chaucer’s time meant a union between spirit and flesh and was thus part of the marriage between Christ and the Church" (Bennett, 113). The Canterbury Tales show many abuses of this sacred bond, as will be discussed below. One example of corruption in marriage is The Miller’s Tale. This tale includes a lecherous clerk, a vain clerk, and an old man entangled in a web of deceit and adultery construed by a married women. It is obvious in this story that almost each of these characters show complete disregard to the institution of marriage. The two men, Nicholas and Absalon, both try to engage in adulterous affairs with Alison, the old man’s wife. Both of the men are guilty of trying to seduce Alison, which shows their indifference towards the sanctions and laws of marriage. Still Alison, who should be the wiser, also breaks the laws of marriage. She takes Nicholas because she wants to, just as she ignores Absalon because she wants to. Lines 104-109 of the Miller’s Tale show Alison’s blatant disrespect for her marriage to "Old John" and her planned deceit: "That she hir love hym graunted atte laste, And swoor hir ooth, by seint Thomas of Kent That she wol been at his commandmen t, Whan that she may hir leyser wel espie. Myn housbonde is so ful of jalousie That but ye wayte wel and been privee†¦" On the contrary, Alison’s husband loved her more than his own life, although he felt foolish for marrying her since she was so young and skittish. This, in turn, led him to keep a close watch on her whenever possible. The Miller’s main point in his story is that if a man obtains what he wants from God or from his wife, he won’t ask questions or become jealous.

Neighbor’s Apartment

I didn’t have any second thoughts when my neighbor in the apartment invited me to come along and spend the night with his party celebration. It is at least two years now since the last time I joined one when my friend had a farewell party who was to leave out of the country. For such reason, being invited by my neighbor was a good chance for me to experience once again what it is like to get acquainted with people and celebrate a particular special moment in the celebrant’s life. My neighbor’s party was all about his successful promotion at work. He was once a sales agent for realty properties in a medium scale company in the city. He has worked for the company for about 10 years as a sales agent and was really very satisfied with his work and the amount of money he has been getting. Suddenly, he was promoted by the general manager as the new site supervisor. To celebrate such achievement, he threw a party in his apartment one night. Since we’ve known each other for about five years now, it was easy accepting his invitation. My neighbor invited his guests from different segments of his life background. All of the apartment’s tenants were supposedly invited but I saw only at least a few known neighbors present that night. Maybe some of the tenants had some other commitments or things to do for not attending the party. Apart from the neighbors, his office mates were also invited. A couple of them seem to have already worked for the company for a long time while some are still young professionals. Also, some of the party owner’s relatives were invited as I saw a few of his cousins and siblings at the living room. I’ve also known them in the past five years since they frequently visit my neighbor. Generally, the party was a very formal one in my opinion. The event provided a very good relaxing atmosphere for conversation and small talks in knowing acquaintances. There were no loud sounds but very smooth types of music were played the entire night. I didn’t see any children in the party. Also, the food was great with a whole set of catered meals and some light liquors. On a personal observation, my neighbor’s apartment seemed to me a little crowded in terms of fixtures. At the living room, some of his office stuffs were to be found only that they were set aside at the corners to provide more spaces for the guests. The furniture were also a bit old but were still comfortable especially the sofa. When I got a chance to go to the kitchen, it was really very small and cluttered compared to mine back home. The lighting for the entire unit was a little dim. This gloomy feel of the apartment was also enhanced by the pale colors of the walls which were at a brownish state of deterioration. The two windows of his room were also covered with dark colored curtains which used heavy fabrics. The unit’s atmosphere would have been hot during that night if not for an air conditioning unit. That equipment too seemed to be a very old one with some rusty parts in the control panel while the case was a bit yellowish. All of these factors simply provided a good impression that my neighbor’s unit was very old fashioned in terms of style. I just wondered if my neighbor’s earning were really at an optimum level before his promotion since I didn’t really saw improvements in his unit compared to the last time I went there. Even though my personal outlook of the unit was a little gloomy, I noticed that he has some very good appliances in his apartment. I thought the flat screen LCD TV in his living room was at least brand new. It really gave a very contrasting side on the situation of the unit’s atmosphere. He also has a state of the art music system just beside the television unit. It was a bit odd for such old apartment unit to see a complete home theater system more expensive than mine at a home.

Life Goals Essay

Thomas Carlyle once said, â€Å"Go as far as you can see, and when you get there you will see farther. † I strongly believe that if one plans on achieving his aspirations, setting goals is a very important step. Having goals not only gives you a clear focus on things,but it also helps you to organize your plans by allowing you to give yourself time limits and boundaries. That is why I try to set goals for myself routinely, whether it is just for one day, or for the rest of my life. One goal that I work hard at daily is to do well in high school.I try to involve myself in any activity that I can, both academically and socially, so that I can graduate with honors. The reason I do this is because I plan on going to college, and I would like to be able to get accepted into any school that I apply to. Going to college alone would be a major achievement for my family and I, because I will be the first person in my family to attend college. Another goal I have is to get a college deg ree in Criminal Justice. I plan to take my four years of college and get into the police enforcement.I plan to get good grades throughout my college career. I think I'm going to stay in the Portland area when I’m applying for a job as a police officer. I plan to achieve this by not giving up. The first thing my mom tells me is to set my mind to something, never give up and it may take time but you will get there. My goals are very important to reach because without them, my life goals will not come true. Immediately after I graduate, I want to start my career as police officer/investigator.You must have an accredited four-year college or university degree to get into FBI. By age 25, after gaining some experience as a policeman, I would like to make a career switch to become an FBI agent. This is because being an FBI agent has been a dream of mine since I was younger. And to be good at what I do, I need some familiarity in that line of work, among other things. After becoming settled into my second career, I would like to begin a family. By this time, I plan on already being married to my current girlfriend, and have my first child.I will also be ready to buy my first car, and then, my first home. My intentions are to live in Oregon. Before I turn fifty, one of my major goals is to start a private investigator business. My children will be put through college and out of my house, and my wife and I will be on our way to retirement, after we sell our business. By then, I plan on being very stable, if not rich. Either way, I will be able to donate money and give back to my community what they have given to me.I also plan on adopting or fostering children after my own kids move out. I see my goals as tangible, and they are well within my reach if I stretch my arms to touch them. I work hard for these things not only to make a good life for myself, but to make a wonderful life for my future children. Setting goals for myself prevents me from becoming sidetrac ked, and it allows me to push harder and further for my aspirations. If I maintain my focus, nothing will ever defer my dreams.

Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant Essay

Problem Statement: Jose’s Mexican restaurant is a small yet popular spot. Lately they have been losing customers and profits due to service issues. In order to improve the restaurant, Jose’s Mexican Restaurant must provide service that is top-notch, in other words fast, efficient, great testing, convenient and heartwarming. What must the restaurant do in order to improve service? Areas for consideration: Quality at Jose’s restaurant should be defined by service, value, reliability of the experience and overall customers’ satisfaction. The quality of a product is defined as whether it fulfills its stated specifications. Customer satisfaction should be at the top priority for the restaurant. Customer satisfaction is the measurement of a product or service that meets or exceeds customer’s expectations. Therefore, the restaurant should focus on its customers’ needs and requirements, and strive to exceed their expectations. ` The factors that affect the quality of the service are conformance to specification, value, fitness for use, support and even psychological standard impression. Food should be delivered and served as to be what is promised on the menu. Also, the food should be cooked and prepared properly, to be fresh, clean, and to have exactly the ingredients and flavors that are ordered. Service staff should be neatly dressed and greet customers with a smile; personnel should be experienced and trained to accommodate the customer. Atmosphere is another important area of quality. At Jose’s, keeping with the Mexican themed decor creates the atmosphere for the Mexican prepared dishes. The overall establishment should maintain a level of cleanliness. Waiting areas for customers should be clean and comfortable during the peak times when a waiting to be seated is necessary. The service and meals should be dependable and consistent. Food should be prepared with the best available ingredients, and served quickly and correctly. Wait staff should provide prompt service, serving in the time promised, and make the customers feel unique and special. What are the restaurant’s costs of process failures? – Because of the lack of a waiting area and reservations Jose’s is losing customers that could have been accommodated better. According to the survey conducted an average of 20% of the customers are unsatisfied. Also due to the wait time for the food to be prepared over 30% of the customers are not satisfied. Even a whopping 14% of customers are not happy with how the food tastes, this is maybe due to the ingredients the cook was complaining about. Even the servers have problems a large 12% complained about their servers. When it all comes down to it a whopping 20% of these customers say that the dining experience was not worth the cost. What does this mean? It means that 20% of the customers are not coming back. So as we can see Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant really needs an overhaul. When a process fails to satisfy a customer, the failure is considered a defect. The more servers the easier it becomes to serve the customers. The more space, the less need for waiting to be seated in fact we may place a cozy waiting area for our guests. Renovations also mean you get to have the media evaluate your place again, meaning you’ll get on the paper, which means free advertising. Also a renovation will spark interest in your regular customers and the general public. People will talk about it. They will want to experience the new place. Disadvantages (Weaknesses and Threats) The expansion of space will take a long time, first a space has to be purchased. We are not even sure if the establishments around Jose’s will want to sell space. Then there comes the finances. Is Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant capable of shelling out large enough capital. New employees may be hard to train and not always needed thus accumulating more cost than what is desired. Also what if the renovation and space expansion takes too long and a new Mexican restaurant owned by someone else opens up? Will Jose’s customers remember it, or will they be satisfied with the new-one’s service? All these things must be put into consideration for even an assumed small weaknesses or threat maybe underestimated and can result or turn into a fatal error. Alternative 2 Use a Six Sigma Improvement Model (DMAIC) Six sigma, which relies heavily on the principles of TQM is comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining, and maximizing business success by minimizing defects and variability in processes. Although Six Sigma Improvement Model is a five step procedure that leads to improvement in process performance, the model can be applied to projects involving incremental improvement to process or to project requiring major changes including redesigning an existence process. The following steps comprise the model: The DMAIC project methodology has five phases: * Define  the problem, the voice of the customer, and the project goals, specifically. * Measure  key aspects of the current process and collect relevant data. * Analyze  the data to investigate and verify cause-and-effect relationships. Determine what the relationships are, and attempt to ensure that all factors have been considered. Seek out root cause of the defect under investigation. * Improve  or optimize the current process based upon data analysis using techniques such as  design of experiments,  poka yoke  or mistake proofing, and standard work to create a new, future state process. Set up pilot runs to establish  process capability. * Control  the future state process to ensure that any deviations from target are corrected before they result in defects. Implement  control systems  such as  statistical process control,  production boards, and  visual workplaces, and continuously monitor the process. Let us use the Six Sigma Approach: 1- Define. Determine the characteristic of the process output that are critical to customer satisfaction and identify and gaps between these characteristics and the process’s capabilities. Get a picture of the current process by documenting it using flowcharts and process charts. At Jose’s, some of the concern are stated at the survey about customer satisfaction from the service they receive at Jose’s. The survey shows that 20% of the customers were not happy, and don’t consider the service they receive worth the money they pay. Look into the problem thoroughly and see if there are cracks in the system, for example we noticed that Jose’s does not take reservations. 2- Measure. Quantify the work the process does that affects the gap. Select what to measure, identify data sources, and prepare a data collection plan. In Jose’s case, the survey covers all the major issues that could have direct effect on the business performance. 3- Analyze. Use he data on measures to perform process analysis, applying tools such as Pareto charts, scatter diagrams, and cause-and-effect diagrams, and statistical process control (SPC) tools to determine where improvements are necessary. Jose’s should analyze the data from the survey in order to address the problem. 4- Improve. Modify or redesign existing methods to meet the new performance objectives. Implement the change. The Jose’s team should observe the positive achievement in the operation, and should stop the process if there were mismatching. 5- Control. Monitor the process to make sure that high performance level are maintain. Once again, data analysis tools such as pareto charts , bar charts scatter diagram, as well as statistical process control tools can be used to control the process. The selected operational procedure should be revised, and needs to be documented and this process must be firmly held by Jose’s operational team. In the operation processes, continuous improvement need to be find out for the more better performance from Jose’s in general and over all catering services. Advantages (Strengths and Opportunities) The Six Sigma Image Model is a thorough study of the problem. Through using this Jose’s will get down to the roots of the problem and maintain the system functioning well. It takes less time and resources to accomplish. It can be started immediately and the results are effective. This approach is not only cost effective but keeps the guessing-game out of the picture. Since this approach is cost-effective the money saved may then be invested in other things such as equipment, advertising or a totally new business depending on the owners judgment. Disadvantages (Weaknesses and Threats) I don’t really see any major flaws here except that it may be too tedious for the less-active folk. A threat can be that another restaurant may be able to use this system better and come out with better results than Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant. Conclusion and recommendation: Alternative 1 – may indeed spark interest and increase sales for an unknown period of time after the restaurant re-opens. However, this method is not cost-effective and will take too much time, effort and capital to set in motion and complete. And it does not take an in-depth look at the problem but only gives a superficial or shallow solution to the problem. With the information collected by Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant it is possible the restaurant is ready to take the Six Sigma Image Model approach. I therefore conclude that Alternative 2 which is to take an in-depth search of the problem through the Six Sigma approach originally developed and made popular by Motorola, USA can be most helpful to solving the problem with service at the said restaurant. This alternative takes a deep meaningful search of the problems, solves it and maintains it. This approach meets the objective of the study, which is to solve the service problem of Jose’s Authentic Restaurant. The importance of investing in a Six Sigma approach are the in-depth research, answers, information and system maintenance that will be available after this approach is completed. After all, it is a proven system that has been used by countless successful businesses. Aside from the research valuability, educating your employees with this approach may increase their self-esteem by providing them with information and a tool for success in life. Happy and confident employees result in a better work-ethic, which will then dramatically improve the service performance of Jose’s Authentic Mexican Restaurant.

Political Philosophy and Paine Essay

1. Why do you think Thomas Paine writes Common Sense anonymously? How does he think his work will be remembered? Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense anonymously because the ideas he used in writing the book were contradicting the government at that time. If the government knew that he wrote it then they will take action against him to punish him. He probably thought that his work would remain as something memorable such as it was only there to raise the spirit of the colonist to fight back and to stand up against the government. 2. According to Paine, what is the difference between society and government? Paine states that society and government are completely different in purpose and also different in origin. Society is created innocently for the people’s happiness although the government is poison but necessary product made by desires of people to support people’s happiness by forcefully restraining desires of people themselves. 3. What is the meaning of ‘liberty’ in Paine’s thought? Equality? What is the relationship between the two? The meaning of liberty in Paine’s thought was the state of being free within society from cruel limits enforced by authority on one’s way of life, behavior, or political views. He described equality as the state of being equal in positions, rights, and opportunities. The relationship between the two is that they work hand-in-hand because everyone should have equal rights. 4. According to Paine, why is there a need for regulations and government in general? According to Paine, it is a necessary evil for two reasons. The first reason is for security and freedom, things that everyone wants, are the true intention and end of government. The second reason is a moral asset which is the foundation of society, but it’s incapable of governing. In other words government is inevitable, because it is there to supply the defect of moral asset. 5. Why does Paine consider the English monarchy to be ineffective? Paine considered the monarchy in particular to be ineffective because the king is not informed enough to match his power, he naturally will thirst for more and more power, he can ignore the people’ voices and more importantly, he doesn’t and sometimes, is incapable of making sure his words comes to the people exactly same as he meant them to be. 6. What is the view of Gideon that Paine uses as an example? â€Å"As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture; for the will of the Almighty† (Gideon). From this quote of Gideon, we can assume Gideon’s point of views. He thinks that all men are equal and no one man can be above the rest. He also thinks that only God can rule over people. 7. What does Paine think that America will gain by separating from England? According to Paine, America will gain by separating from England is that it would not get contaminated by the monarchy he has been criticizing. Then, America will gain wealth and most importantly it will gain independence. 8. Describe Thomas Paine’s life and background, including where he is originally from and what his reputation was before, during, and after writing Common Sense. On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, by 1768 he found himself as a tax officer in England. Thomas didn’t exactly excel at the role, getting discharged from his post twice in four years. In 1774, by happenstance, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who helped him immigrate to Philadelphia. Then in 1776, he published Common Sense. 9. What is Paine’s argument based on? What intellectual movement and why? Paine’s argument is mostly based on things that everyone in the colony would consider common sense. The intellectual part about the concept is that even though he demonstrated a great length of knowledge, he made it look like his knowledge is even with the colonists. The reason for that is he really wanted the colonists to believe that the book is written by but someone among the colonists. That way, it is much easier to move the colonists’ spirit. 10. What is the role, for Paine, of the wars in Europe on American independence? His role is to remind them and clear their desire to live a life without great changes so that they can stand up and fight for their own lives. Paine’s role in the wars was not that of a leader but a reminder of the people’s cause. Because of Paine, people started to remember to stand up and fight back for their rights. 11. How does Paine argue the opposing point of independence? How does he counter the â€Å"reconciliationists†? Paine explains why the current time is a good time to break free of Britain. Primarily, Paine focuses on the present size of the colonies, and on their current capabilities. He presents an inventory of the British Navy and gives calculations revealing how America could build a navy of comparable size. Paine recommends this as a way of ensuring America’s security and prosperity in trade. Paine also argues that America is sufficiently small as to be united now. 12. List the reasons why Paine thinks independence is necessary. What is â€Å"the most powerful of all arguments† for independence? Paine thinks independence because England is violently oppressive in way that it’s exploiting America for the good of England. Being a part of the British Empire will inevitably involve America in unnecessary imperial conflicts. And the most powerful of all arguments is that England is too far away to govern America effectively, even if it wanted to. 13. Paine begins his analysis from the state of nature. What is the rhetorical function of this? What political goals does this serve? What role does nature have in Paine’s thinking? Nature does not sanction division of men into Kings and Subjects. It is only customary. The State of Nature as tool of criticism because a government must not make things worse than they are in the State of Nature if they are to deserve compliance. 14. For Paine, what is the relationship between law and liberty? Paine begins this section by making a distinction between society and government, and then goes on to consider the relationship between government and society in a state of â€Å"natural liberty†. He next tells a story of a few isolated people living in nature without government, and explains that the people find it easier to live together rather than apart; thus, they create a society. As the society grows, problems arise, and the people meet to make regulations in order to mitigate the problems. As the society continues to grow, a government becomes necessary to enforce these regulations, which over time, turn into laws 15. According to Common Sense, what is the basis of just government? According to Common Sense the basis of just government are Freedom, Happiness, and Efficiency 16. What point is Paine making when he argues, â€Å"Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America†? How does he use the national origins of English monarchs to show that the colonists’ English origins are irrelevant to the decision they now face? By grounding political authority in reason, Paine is able to make a persuasive argument undermining the foundations of British government, which is based in tradition, religion, and custom. 17. How does Paine reject the arguments of â€Å"men of passive tempers† who wish for reconciliation with Britain? Paine says that as a colony of Britain, America lacks respectability on the international scene. They are seen simply as rebels, and cannot form substantial alliances with other nations. In order to prosper in the long term, the colonies need to be independent 18. How does Paine answer the question, â€Å"Where is the king of America†? Paine answers this question by stating he reigns above in America, and the law is king. 19. How does Paine reject the argument that the colonies have â€Å"flourished† as members of the British Empire? What was Britain’s true motive in defending the colonies, and what does this motive reveal about the relationship between the two? Paine states that America has flourished under British rule, and therefore ought to stay under the king, Paine says that such an argument fails to realize that America has evolved and no longer needs Britain’s help. Some say that Britain has protected America, and therefore deserves allegiance, but Paine responds that Britain has only watched over America in order to secure its own economic well-being. 20. What did you learn from reading this assignment? What is your opinion of the work? The first thing that I learn from the assignment is the importance fighting back because Paine’s ideas were inspiring and knowledgeable and also that this was an important event for US history. In my opinion, the book common sense was by far one of the greatest historical books. Thomas Paine writing style is both fanatical and graceful, demonstrating Paine’s disgust, rage and passion without having to degrade his social status.